Migration Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study of New England Showing Movements down the Urban Hierarchy and Ensuing Impacts on Real Estate Markets

As the COVID-19 pandemic swept across the United States, the media began reporting stories of people leaving cities for rural destinations, setting off frenzied real estate activity in receiving communities. This article builds a case study of New England using nonconventional data collected from mobile devices as a proxy for population to explore the temporal and spatial patterns of movement down the urban hierarchy since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Two research questions guide the analysis: (1) How have urban–rural migration systems in New England shifted since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic? (2) In what ways have real estate markets been affected by these apparent migration shifts? The analysis reveals shifts of population away from metropolitan core areas of the region and into micropolitan and noncore counties. These population shifts were most pronounced in late summer and fall 2020 with loosening travel restrictions. By the end of 2020, migration systems in New England once more resembled prepandemic patterns. Further, these places down the urban hierarchy consistently showed more substantial increases in real estate activity as reflected in rising prices, reduced inventories, and increased sales volume. These real estate dynamics suggest urban to rural migration during the COVID-19 pandemic might be initiating new waves of rural gentrification. (English) [ FROM AUTHOR] A medida que la pandemia del COVID-19 afectó por todo lado los Estados Unidos, los medios empezaron a informar sobre historias de gente que dejaban atrás las ciudades por destinos rurales, desencadenando una frenética actividad inmobiliaria en las comunidades receptoras. Este artículo construye un estudio de caso de Nueva Inglaterra, usando datos no convencionales recogidos de dispositivos móviles, como un proxy por la población para explorar los patrones temporales y espaciales del movimiento descendente desde la jerarquía urbana a partir de la aparición de la pandemia del COVID-19. El análisis se guía por dos preguntas de investigación: (1) ¿Cómo han cambiado los sistemas de migración ciudad–campo en Nueva Inglaterra desde el comienzo de la pandemia del COVID-19? (2) ¿De qué manera se han visto afectados los mercados inmobiliarios por estos cambios aparentes de migración? El análisis revela desplazamientos de población fuera de las áreas del núcleo metropolitano de la región hacia condados micropolitanos y no nucleados. (Spanish) [ FROM AUTHOR] 随着COVID-19流行病席卷美国, 媒体开始报道人们离开城市前往农村、在农村引发疯狂的房地产活动。本文构建了美国新英格兰地区（New England）案例, 使用来自移动设备的非常规数据替代人口数据, 探索了COVID-19流行病发生以来由城市迁移到农村的时空模式。研究分析了两个问题：（1）自COVID-19发生以来, 新英格兰地区的城乡迁移体系如何变化？（2）这些显著的迁移变化, 对房地产市场产生了哪些影响？分析表明, 人口从新英格兰大都市核心区域迁移到小城镇和非核心县。随着旅行限制的放松, 人口迁移在2020年夏末和秋季最为显著。到2020年底, 新英格兰地区的迁移体系, 再次呈现出类似于COVID-19之前的模式。处于城市等级体系底层的地区, 房地产活动持续大幅增长, 这反映在价格上涨、库存减少和销售量增加。房地产变化表明, 在COVID-19流行病期间, 城市到农村迁移可能会引发新一轮的农村中产阶级化。 (Chinese) [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Professional Geographer is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Dancing in the dark: how food governance can support resilience in Portland, Oregon

According to various scholars, resilience (i.e., the capacity to adapt and evolve in unpredictable situations) implementation becomes most effective when it involves several civic institutions, agencies, and individual citizens working together toward common goals within a common strategy. Such networks can work together and weather unexpected crises as the current COVID-19 pandemic. Key aspects of this process are the development of a more integrated and holistic approach, meanwhile, the metropolitan resilience requires more collaboration across urban and rural boundaries. Food governance can help to promote resilience: since food system governance manifests the need to implement an integrated approach. Moreover, food system governance stimulates redefinition of the territorial scale and of the criteria for assessing resilience on such a scale. This paper provides a critical analysis of the above issues. Having experimented with food policies, integrated approaches, and redefinition of urban-rural relationships for several years, Portland proves to be a good vantage point for observing mechanisms relating to these issues. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Food, Culture & Society is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Trends in the Consumption of Antidepressant Drugs before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Canary Islands, Spain: The Case of the Province of Las Palmas.

The use of antidepressants (ADs) has increased significantly as a result of COVID-19 and its consequences. However, there are some notable differences in the relative levels of use between geographical areas and population groups. The aim of this work is to assess the impact of COVID-19 on the consumption of ADs in the Canary Islands, focusing on the islands of Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura and Lanzarote, by analyzing the trends in prescriptions of ADs during the pandemic period (2020) compared to the pre-pandemic period (2016-2020). Data were extracted from the community pharmacy wholesaler at a population level. Consumption patterns are expressed as the number of defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitant/day. The overall consumption of DIDs was higher in Gran Canaria, mainly in urban areas and the capital. It was similar in both Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, but particularly localized in the capital, which are considered semi-urban areas. Lanzarote and Fuerteventura present the same pattern of prescription ADs use, whereas Gran Canaria is notably different. This finding was also observed in the more consumed active pharmaceutical ingredients, although small inter-island variations in the ranking and percentages were observed. Sertraline and escitalopram are two of the most prescribed N06AB ADs, whereas the most recent N06AX ADs such as venlafaxine, mirtazapine and desvenlafaxine are more commonly prescribed. These differences in prescription ADs can be explained by demographical characteristics, population size, the fact of living in an urban area and general medical practice. In this context, the COVID-19 pandemic did not have an impact on the overall trend of the use of ADs between 2016 and 2020 in the islands under study.

Urban–Rural Linkages and Their Implication to Human Security in Pandemic Time

Evident through the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic situation, the wider impacts of pandemics stretch far beyond the immediate and devastating loss of human lives. Beyond the health crisis, the pandemics often turn out to be a crisis for human security, as the unprecedented movement restrictions disrupt the lives of all people and their freedom to live with dignity. The core issues pertaining to limited healthcare capacities, job losses, economic slowdown, etc., also bring forth a range of inequity issues for urban and rural populations within a regional space, which are closely interlinked through spatial and sectoral linkages. While the geographically dispersed rural populations often depend on their urban counterparts for access to emergency services, they are often disproportionately impacted by a crisis situation due to the persisting connectivity gaps and socioeconomic barriers. Several such experiences have also been made during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which call for revisiting the contemporary developmental planning from human security perspective, so as to safeguard the survival, livelihood, and dignity of the diverse urban and rural populations. This chapter highlights the key lessons from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic situation and offers a forward-looking perspective on strengthening urban–rural linkages for consideration by the policymakers. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer 2022.

Urban-rural divide and COVID-19: engaging teachers to assess and improve the Philippine basic education-learning continuity plan

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed poverty and exacerbated social inequality. Our role as academics is to illuminate these social issues to help policy makers address them adequately. Hence, we conducted this ethnographic study situated within the discourse urban-rural divide to assess the Philippine Basic Education-Learning Continuity Plan (BE-LCP), a COVID-19 education response, through the help of three teachers who, like us, the researchers, have been exposed to the rural and urban areas in Sindangan, Zamboanga del Norte. In our effort to promote social justice and equity in education, we have privileged the voices of those in the marginalized rural sector. We interviewed the teacher key actors, conducted autoethnography and participant observation, and studied secondary sources available. Data sources were triangulated, and data transcripts were analysed through thematic analysis, drawing on relevant theories and literature. Interrelated social factors instigated by the government's biased past policies are (a) socioeconomic impact of COVID-19, (b) digital divide, (c) school location, and (d) parental education. While the pandemic affected urban and rural residents, the latter felt a severe impact. This study underscores the teacher agency in the BE-LCP policy: Teachers recommended monitoring learning outcomes, attending to low-performing learners, supporting home-based learning, and providing teaching resources. © 2023 National Institute of Education, Singapore.

Epidemic–economic complexity of COVID-19 policies across skill groups and geographies

The COVID-19 pandemic has threatened public health and socio-economic activities across societal groups and geographies. We analyse the complex interplay between epidemic and economic factors using a structural panel vector autoregressive (PVAR) approach for Danish municipalities. Findings indicate that the pandemic shock and associated public health interventions led to significant increases in unemployment rates. Wage compensations reduce regional unemployment through both a direct local effect and indirect spatial spillovers. Decomposing the unemployment rate by skill, we find that the response to an increase in wage compensations is only significant for low-skilled persons and that it is larger in urban compared with rural settings. © 2023 Regional Studies Association.

Socioeconomic Determinants of Food Insecurity in Iran: A Systematic Review

Food insecurity (FI) is a major global health challenge despite the actions taken to combat it. Social and economic factors can affect food security. This study aimed to systematically review research evidence to investigate socioeconomic determinants of FI in the healthy Iranian population. Three databases and search engines, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science as well as Iranian scientific search engines, including Scientific Information Database (SID) and Magiran were systematically searched in English and Persian to identify relevant articles from 1990 until October 2022. A total of 6624 studies were identified. After screening, 115 cross-sectional and 6 case–control studies were included. We separated the results based on rural, urban, and suburban areas. Socioeconomic factors which were correlated to FI in both urban and rural areas were family head education level, parent's occupation, family head occupation, occupation diversity, number of working persons in a family, marital status of the family head, family size, number of children, household's economic status, house area, house ownership, and living facilities. Many socioeconomic determinants affect IF in the urban, rural, and suburban areas;so, policymakers should have comprehensive attention on these factors, specifically to improve food security status and support society's health. © The Author(s) 2023.

How to Deal with Crisis? Place Attachment as a Factor of Resilience of Urban–Rural Communes in Poland during the COVID-19 Pandemic

The phenomenon of place attachment as a community resilience determinant requires a detailed study and, as such, is not sufficiently explored in the literature. This study analyses both resilience determinants and resilience tools in order to provide local communities with optimum courses of action and decision makers with postulates concerning local development policies. Our goal is to determine the effect of place attachment on the activity of the local community in the process of the reconstruction of a local territorial unit following a crisis (COVID-19 pandemic) situation, as well as determine the symptoms of the crisis exemplified by urban–rural communes in Poland. Empirical research was carried out with regard to all 87 urban–rural communes in Poland with their seat in a small city with district rights. The respondents in the survey included individuals in governance positions: mayor/deputy mayor/secretary. Comparative analyses were performed on the entire group by juxtaposing communes located in peripheral regions (19 units) of the Eastern Poland Macroregion and the remaining communes (68). In light of the empirical research, communes located in Eastern Poland's peripheral regions were more severely impacted by the COVID-19 crisis than ones situated elsewhere in Poland. In urban–rural communes located in peripheral regions, actions supporting the "ability to absorb” shocks are taken more frequently than those promoting "positive adaptability in anticipation of, or in response to, shocks”. Less frequent were proactive measures of innovative nature, involving "restoration and use” of the existing local resources, e.g., new methods of the use of natural resources by the households or new activities in the creative industry based on individual creativity, skills and talents. An analysis of all units reveals a generally low level of pro-resilience activities of the local communities in the communes investigated in the study except for the application of modern technologies/forms of remote communication. It was demonstrated that, in local communities with a high level of place attachment, activities aimed at building resilience are more frequent. For local governments, the results constitute proof of the importance of place attachment in building community resilience in local development policies. We should highlight the need for activities integrating urban and rural residents in urban–rural communes in order to create a shared space with which they could identify while strengthening bonds, thus raising the level of social capital. It is also necessary to look for ways to use IT, not only for communication processes, but also for managing crisis situations, in parallel with activities aimed at strengthening social capital. © 2023 by the authors.

Transformation of Urban–Rural Relationships in the Context of Global Challenges

This article updates and further develops the reflections of "Urbanization and Sustainability after the COVID-19 Pandemic” (Motta 2020). It is now even more urgent to focus on the urban–rural relationships that are being modified by the pandemic, climate change, and the impacts of conflicts, causing serious human insecurities and increasing precarious circumstances worldwide. The fast-changing situation and recurrent emergencies confirm the need for a new urban development approach, related to the specificities of the surrounding environment and based on the revival of towns and settlements spread over territories. This should function as a complementary tool to mitigate urbanization flows and urban–rural gaps, identifying new relationships. This requires the review of current urban paradigms, which are no longer able to respond to modified conditions and demands with an innova-tive vision. This is actualized on the basis of the principles of the social quality theory (SQT) and approach (SQA) and their emphasis on processes in and between the four relevant dimensions of societal life. In the past decade, these principles have been developed tentatively in working papers about sustainability and urban issues from a social quality perspective. © The Author(s).

The Role of Urban–Rural Connections in Building Food System Resilience

This paper investigates food system resilience—conceptualized through the four dimensions of agency, buffering, connectivity, and diversification—from the perspective of rural–urban relations. We consider three cases that capture distinct actor and policy foci in the wider literature on urban–rural interactions. These are secondary cities and their development potential as central nodes in urban–rural food systems, the role of digital infrastructure in shaping food systems resilience, and finally, street food vendors as a particularly vulnerable yet crucial group of actors linking rural food supply with urban demand. We review existing literature within these themes, with a particular focus on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the food systems in middle- and low-income countries. This allows us to examine the relationship between rural–urban connectivity and food system resilience and to identify possible trade-offs. We formulate recommendations for research and policy around the notions of new localities (i.e., considering the interconnectedness of rural and urban food systems across administrative boundaries), smart development (i.e., context-specific approaches building on local strengths), and network governance (i.e., inclusive decision making engaging with diverse stakeholders across multiple scales). © 2023 by the authors.

Rural-urban interdependencies: Thinking through the implications of space, leisure, politics and health

The collective experience of social distancing will undoubtedly have implications for our social, cultural, and political practices. In this critical commentary, I consider the implications of these experiences by focusing on rural-urban relationships in Canada. Drawing from accounts published in online newspapers, I reflect on how social distancing highlights the interdependencies of urban and rural Canada and the role of space and leisure in shaping our broader social and political discourse. Reflecting on issues related to class, space, mobility, and freedom of choice, I suggest that rural-urban interdependencies is a productive framework for considering these relationships and how we might rethink them moving forward. In conclusion, I offer hopeful speculations on how social distancing may indeed bring us closer together. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Analyzing the efficiency of Chinese primary healthcare institutions using the Malmquist-DEA approach: Evidence from urban and rural areas.

Background: China has been increasing the investment in Primary Health Care Institutions (PHCIs) since the launch of the New Health Care System Reform in 2009. It is a crucial concern whether the PHCIs can meet residents' need both in urban and rural with the limited government finance, especially encountering the challenge of the COVID-19. This study aimed to reveal the trend of the primary health service efficiency in the past decade, compare the urban-rural differences, and explore relevant factors. Methods: DEA and Malmquist models were applied to calculate the health service efficiency of PHCIs among 28 provinces in China, with the input variables including the number of institutions, number of beds, number of health technicians, and the outputs variables including the number of outpatients and emergency visits, number of discharged patients. And the Tobit model was used to analyze the factors on the efficiency in urban and rural. A sensitivity analysis for model validations was also carried out. Results: The average technical efficiency (TE) of urban PHCIs fluctuated from 63.3% to 67.1%, which was lower than that in rural (75.8-82.2%) from 2009 to 2019. In terms of dynamic efficiency, the urban PHCIs performed better than the rural, and the trends in the total factor productivity change were associated with favorable technology advancement. The population density and dependency ratio were the key factors on TE in both of the urban and rural PHCIs, and these two factors were positively correlated to TE. In terms of TE, it was negatively correlated with the proportion of total health expenditure as a percentage of GDP in urban PHCIs, while in rural it was positively correlated with the urbanization rate and negatively correlated with GDP per capita. Besides, the tests of Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal-Wallis H indicated the internal validity and robustness of the chosen DEA and Malmquist models. Conclusions: It needs to reduce the health resource wastes and increase service provision in urban PHCIs. Meanwhile, it is necessary to strengthen medical technology and gaining greater efficiency in rural PHCIs by technology renovation.

Towards the high-quality development of City Region Food Systems: Emerging approaches in China.

The outbreak of COVID-19 has underscored the vulnerability of our current food systems. In China, following a series of strategies in guaranteeing food security in the past decades, the pandemic has further highlighted the necessity to strengthen urban-rural linkages and facilitate the sustainable development of local agri-food systems. The study for the first time introduced the City Region Food Systems (CRFS) approach to Chinese cities and attempted to holistically structure, analyze and promote the sustainability of local food systems in China. Taking Chengdu as an example, the study first took stock of existing concepts and policies in China and the city, and defined the high-quality development goals of CRFS for Chengdu. An indicator framework was then developed to serve as a CRFS assessment tool for identifying existing challenges and potentials of local food systems. Further, a rapid CRFS scan using the framework was conducted in Chengdu Metropolitan Area, providing concrete evidence for potential policy interventions and practice improvement in the area. The study has explored new paradigm of analysis for food related issues in China and provided supporting tools for evidence-based food planning in cities, which collectively contribute to the food system transformation in a post-pandemic scenario.

Risk Characteristics of Catastrophic Health Expenditure in Multidimensional Borderline Poor Households in China.

Background: Ending poverty and realizing common prosperity are the essential requirements for the localization of Marxism in China. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in the post-poverty era further aggravates the risk of catastrophic health expenditure for borderline poor households and increases the uncertainty of returning to poverty due to illness, potentially undermining decades of hard-won efforts to eradicate poverty in China. Methods: Based on the latest data released by China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS) database, this paper uses the Logit model to empirically explore the risk characteristics of catastrophic health expenditure of multidimensional borderline poor households based on identifying multidimensional borderline poor households. Results: The results show that factors such as family income level, child support, and medical insurance have different impacts on catastrophic health expenditure, and the risk of catastrophic health expenditure of multidimensional borderline poor households is much higher than that of non- multidimensional borderline poor households, and there is a certain difference between urban and rural areas. Discussion: The government should strengthen and improve the social security system and health service system, such as medical insurance, and more resources should be allocated to multidimensional borderline poor households, especially in rural areas.

Higher hospitalization and mortality rates among SARS-CoV-2-infected persons in rural America.

PURPOSE: Rural communities are among the most underserved and resource-scarce populations in the United States. However, there are limited data on COVID-19 outcomes in rural America. This study aims to compare hospitalization rates and inpatient mortality among SARS-CoV-2-infected persons stratified by residential rurality. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study from the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) assesses 1,033,229 patients from 44 US hospital systems diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection between January 2020 and June 2021. Primary outcomes were hospitalization and all-cause inpatient mortality. Secondary outcomes were utilization of supplemental oxygen, invasive mechanical ventilation, vasopressor support, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events or hospital readmission. The analytic approach estimates 90-day survival in hospitalized patients and associations between rurality, hospitalization, and inpatient adverse events while controlling for major risk factors using Kaplan-Meier survival estimates and mixed-effects logistic regression. FINDINGS: Of 1,033,229 diagnosed COVID-19 patients included, 186,882 required hospitalization. After adjusting for demographic differences and comorbidities, urban-adjacent and nonurban-adjacent rural dwellers with COVID-19 were more likely to be hospitalized (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.18, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16-1.21 and aOR 1.29, CI 1.24-1.1.34) and to die or be transferred to hospice (aOR 1.36, CI 1.29-1.43 and 1.37, CI 1.26-1.50), respectively. All secondary outcomes were more likely among rural patients. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalization, inpatient mortality, and other adverse outcomes are higher among rural persons with COVID-19, even after adjusting for demographic differences and comorbidities. Further research is needed to understand the factors that drive health disparities in rural populations.

DEVELOPING TURKEY'S STRATEGIES AGAINST THE GLOBAL FOOD CRISIS

Although providing people's access to basic nutrients has always been important, increasing population, rapid migration from villages to cities, widening the gap in income distribution and increasing commodity costs have been effective in the emergence of the food crisis in the world. However, in recent years, factors such as climate change, the Covid-19 pandemic, the increase in fuel costs and the war between Ukraine and Russia have caused significant increases in food prices and increased acute food insecurity. According to the UN's "Global Food Crisis Report", it was pointed out that 139 million people in 24 countries/regions experienced acute food insecurity due to conflicts, more than 23 million people in 8 countries/regions due to extreme weather conditions, and more than 30 million people in 24 countries/regions due to economic shocks. The Food Price Index is 158.50 in April 2022 calculated by FAO. Inthe same period, Turkey's Food Price Index was calculated as 375. Also, annual food inflation is seen that it is 94.65% in Turkey. In the same period, the average food inflation in the world is 14.50%. The aim of the study is to determine the reflections of the effects of the global food crisis in Turkey, and to develop strategies to eliminate the negative effects of the food crisis in Turkey. In the study, the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the Turkish agricultural sector were determined by SWOT analysis and suggestions were developed to prevent Turkey from being affected by the global food crisis. In the study, it was concluded that the Turkish agricultural sector has the potential for selfsufficiency and that it will be affected by the global food crisis at the lowest level, with a macro-level optimization study in agricultural production and the elimination of structural problems in the economy. [ FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial-temporal differences of COVID-19 vaccinations in the U.S.

Although the disparities in COVID-19 outcomes have been proved, they have not been explicitly associated with COVID-19 full vaccinations. This paper examines the spatial and temporal patterns of the county-level COVID-19 case rates, fatality rates, and full vaccination rates in the United States from December 24, 2020 through September 30, 2021. Statistical and geospatial analyses show clear temporal and spatial patterns of the progression of COVID-19 outcomes and vaccinations. In the relationship between two time series, the fatality rates series was positively related to past lags of the case rates series. At the same time, case rates series and fatality rates series were negatively related to past lags of the full vaccination rates series. The lag level varies across urban and rural areas. The results of partial correlation, ordinary least squares (OLS) and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) also confirmed that the existing COVID-19 infections and different sets of socioeconomic, healthcare access, health conditions, and environmental characteristics were independently associated with COVID-19 vaccinations over time and space. These results empirically identify the geographic health disparities with COVID-19 vaccinations and outcomes and provide the evidentiary basis for targeting pandemic recovery and public health mitigation actions. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s44212-022-00019-9.

Special Issue: Counter-urbanisation in Australia: reviewing current trends in migration from urban to regional places. (Special Issue: Counter-urbanisation in Australia: reviewing current trends in migration from urban to regional places.)

The six articles in this special issue together present a range of methods, case studies and disciplinary perspectives that help to highlight the complexity of Australian counter-urbanisation, along with other related contemporary issues and theories. An important issue examined is the impact of COVID-19 on population movement away from the city. The fundamental question of this as a potent sociological event that transforms how Australians live, work and value their places, particularly a move away from urban places and lifestyles, remains difficult to determine. However, the articles presented in this special issue give some insight into how the pandemic may or may not alter future counter-urban trends.

Corrigendum: Understanding multiple dimensions of perceived greenspace accessibility and their effect on subjective well-being during a global pandemic(Front. Sustain. Cities, (2021), 3, (709997), 10.3389/frsc.2021.709997)

In the published article, there was an error. The Methods section incorrectly states the number of interviews analyzed as 74. A correction has beenmade to Section 2.Methods, “2.3 Interview,” Paragraph 1. This sentence previously stated: “The total number of individuals contacted for interviews was 356 and the total number of completed interviews was 74.” The corrected sentence appears below: “The total number of individuals contacted for interviews was 356 and the total number of completed interviews was 72.” The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated. © 2022 Maurer, Cook, Yoon, Visnic, Orlove, Culligan and Mailloux.